فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 65 (بهار 1402)

Quinoa is known as a suitable plant in adverse environmental conditions due to its desirable nutritional value and high production potential such a country like Iran, which has a climate diversity, it will create food security, increase farmers'''' incomes and sustainable production. To study the genotype and environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of grain yield of quinoa genotypes in different regions of Iran, ten genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in four regions of Karaj, Shahrekord, Urmia, and Kashmar during 2017-2018 cropping season. The studied genotypes included Titicaca, Red Carina, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29, and Q31. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment and the genotype and environment interaction on the grain yield were significant (p≤0.01). The highest grain yield in Karaj and Shahrekord (717 and 2196 kg.ha-1, respectively) was obtained by the Q26 genotype and in Urmia and Kashmar (1614 and 829 kg.ha-1, respectively) by the Q18 and Titicaca genotypes, respectively. According to the results of stability and compatibility analysis with different methods and indices (parametric and non-parametric), the Red Carina genotype was identified as a genotype with suitable and stable yield and compatible with the study areas, with 996 kg.ha-1 grain yield higher than the average yield of all genotypes (939 kg.ha-1), the highest rank of simultaneous selection index for yield and stability, the lowest mean rank (1.56), and the minimum standard deviation of rank (SD = 1.03).

The occurrence of water shortage and drought stress during plant growth, is caused yield loss as well as the grain quality of rice genotypes. Hence, this experiment was conducted to determine eefects of different irrigation methods on rice grain yield and several important grain quality traits such as amylose percentage, degree of milling and gelatinization temperature in Rice Research Institute of Iran (Mazandaran Branch, Amol) in 2017. Experiment carried out as split plots using randomized complete blocks design with main factor of irrigation methods in three levels of flooding irrigation, alternate wetting and drying method up to 10 (AWD10) and 20 (AWD20) cm below the soil surface and sub-factor with ten rice genotypes. The results showed that different irrigation treatments were statistically significant on garin lenghg before cooking, crash grain, amylose content and gelatinization temperature. Among the genotypes, Neda with average of 6901.7 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield, harvest index 44.2%, milling efficiency, degree of milling 72.3% and healthy garin 65.3%. The highest degree of milling (90%), grain length after cooking (13.2 mm), elongation ratio (2 mm) and Gelatinization temperature (5.6) belong to Vandana, IR74428-153-2-3, Firozan and IR70416-53-2-2 genotypes, respectively. In general, considering to the important quantities and qualities traits of genotypes in irrigation regime treatments were not different from flooding method, therefore, the studied genotypes are recommended for planting in areas with lack of irrigation water. It should be noted that Neda genotype is introduced as a superior genotype due to increase of sevral important quantities and qualities traits compared to other genotypes.

In order to identify cold tolerant cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) using stress tolerance indices under the influence of humic acid application, an experiment was conducted as factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 and 2018 at Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Factorial combination of cold stress as planting date factor in two levels including 20 October and 20 November, and humic acid factor in two levels including non-application (foliar spraying with pure water) and application (foliar spraying with a concentration of 1.5 per mil at 4-6-leaf stage) were assigned to the main plots and the cultivars were allocated to the sup-plots. The results showed that rapeseed cultivars differed significantly. Based on the results of means comparison, the cultivar WRL-95-07 showed higher yield in both stress and non-stress environments as well as the application and non-application of humic acid than the other cultivars. The correlation of drought tolerance indices with grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions was used to determine the most suitable indices. Arithmetic mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HARM) and stress tolerance index (STI) had the highest significant correlation with yield under normal and stress conditions. Principal component analysis differentiated indices introducing tolerant cultivars and indices introducing susceptible cultivars, and on this basis, the 10 rapeseed cultivars were divided into three groups using cluster analysis. Finally, WRL-95-07 cultivar performed well under stress and non-stress conditions with the use of humic acid, followed by WRL-95-12 cultivar which displayed better performance than the other cultivars under stress conditions when treated with humic acid.

In order to investigate the effect of the growing day and plant density on some agronomic, morphophysiological and qualitative characteristics of the early-maturing line Soy-93-31 soybean, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. Two crop years 2017 and 2018 were implemented in Gorgan region. The first factor of growth days until harvest time includes five growth days (GDD) 2328, 2182, 1893, 1712 and 1499 resulting from the date of sowing (10, 24 June, 8, 12 July, 5 August) and the second factor is the distance between rows 24, 36 and 48 cm (42, 28 and 21 plants per square meter).in this experiment, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grain, oil yield, oil percentage and soybean fatty acids were measured. The results of this experiment showed that planting date and density had a significant effect on the percentage of soybean oil and fatty acids. The percentage of seed oil decreased with increasing planting time (delayed soybean) so that the highest percentage of soybean oil on 10 June and the lowest percentage of oil was obtained on 5 August. Also, based on the results of planting date and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield and grain yield components, the weight of 1000 soybeans decreased with delay in planting. With delay of sowing date in all densities, soybean grain yield decreased, so that the highest grain yield was observed on June 10 and the density of 42 plants per square meter (3760 kg.ha-1) and the lowest grain yield was observed. Soybean was obtained on August 5 and the density of 21 plants per square meter was (470 kg.ha-1). According to the results of this experiment, the planting date of 10 June and the density of 42 plants per square meter were the most desirable planting date and density to achieve maximum grain and oil yield.

In order to investigate the effect of planting date on agronomic and physiolocal characteristics of maize hybrids in different groups in Jiroft region of Kerman province, an experiment as a split plot in the randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Jiroft in the crop year 2017-2018 was conducted. Experimental factors were included planting date as the main factor at three levels of July 27, August 3 and August 10 and different hybrids as a secondary factor at 10 levels of early, late and medium maturing hybrids (701, 703, 705, 706, 707, 201, 260, 400, 370 and 704 as controls). There was a significant difference between the studied hybrids in terms of agronomic and physiological characteristics. The highest number of rows per ear was obtained in hybrid 706 and the highest number of seeds per row was obtained in hybrid 707. Delaying in planting was associated by of increasing stem diameter and biological yield and decreasing of plant height, ear length, number of rows per ear, seed yield, harvest index, GDD to physiological maturity and spad. By Delaing in planting, seed protein percent and proline accumulation increased. The most seed yield was obtained on July 17 in hybrid 260 (18.24 t.ha-1), August 3 in hybrid 210 (17.46 t.ha-1) and August 10 in hybrids 370 and 201 (17.4 and 17.28 t.ha-1). It seems that the delayed planting date due to exposure to unfavorable temperatures during tillering, pollination and granulation, as well as the reduction of the growing period was decreased yield and yield components.

In agronomic management of corn, in addition to providing suitable hybrid seeds, other factors such as plant hormones are also important. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of hybrid seed type and leaf application of gibberellin and kinetin hormones on growth, biochemical and yield indices of corn in Ahvaz. The basic design of randomized complete blocks was done as a split plot in two cropping years with four replications. Single-grain corn hybrids 704 (late ripening), 616 (medium ripening) and 71AS (medium ripening) were studied as the main factor and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at three levels of 0, 150/200 and 300/400 ppm as the secondary factor. The results showed that the simple effect of hybrid type and kinetin/gibberellin foliar application on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and the percentage of grain protein was statistically significant. Also, the effect of kinetin/gibberellin foliar application × hybrids on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, chlorophylls a, b and total and hybrid interaction in kinetin/gibberellin foliar application had a statistically significant effect on leaf area index per year. The results showed that the highest values of the studied traits in both cropping years were obtained in single cross 704 maize and after kinetin/gibberellin foliar application at 150-200 ppm. The kinetin/gibberellin ratio of 150/200 ppm in all hybrids had a better effect on various morphological and biochemical traits. The highest biological yield, grain yield and harvest index, which are very important traits, were related to single-cross corn hybrid with hormone foliar application at the rate of 150/200 ppm. According to the obtained results, the use of single-cross corn hybrid of corn and foliar application of maize plants with gibberellin and quinine in the ratio of 150/200 ppm is recommended.

In groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), less crop canopy during the first weeks of growth favors strong competition with weeds causing significant reduction in yield. To investigate the efficacy of the pre- and post- emergence herbicides in groundnut yield and weed control, this experiment was carried out in Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted Pendimethalin (33% EC), Oxyfluorfen (24% EC), Bentazon (48% SL) plus Haloxy fop R methyl ester (10.8% EC), Imazethapyr (10% SL), Trifluralin (48% EC), twice hand hoeing and rice straw mulch + hand weeding. To compare the treatments, EWRC rating scale for visual control and weed number and biomass reduction percentage in each treatment compared to control were applied. Also, the percentage increase of economic (seed) yield of groundnut in each treatment in comparison with control were assessed to evaluate the treatments. The result showed that the highest yield increases of peanut occurred in treatments of Bentazon at dosage of 2 L.ha-1 plus Haloxy fop R methyl ester at dosage of 0.75 L.ha-1 as post-emergence application at 2-5 leaf stage of weeds and twice hand hoeing at times of 3 and 6 weeks after planting with 188.6 and 177.7 % increase of yield compared to weedy control, respectively. In these two treatments the weed control of grass weeds (Echinochloa crus-galli L. and Setaria glauca L.) was 81.5 and 100% respectively, broad leaved weed control (Physalis divaricate D. Don and Amaranthus retroflexus L.) was 84.7 and 93.1 % respectively and sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) control was 70.2 and 90.4 % respectively compared to control.

Protein patterns of SDS-PAGE have been widely used to determine genetic variation in cereals. This study was carried out at The Payame-Noor University of Asadabad to study genetic diversity and protein pattern in bread wheat cultivars before and after flowering. 13 bread wheat cultivars were applied to prepare protein patterns based on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The highest genetic distance before bolting was between Zare and Gascogen (8 units). The lowest genetic distance before flowering was between cultivars with a distance equal to zero. This result indicates high genetic similarity between wheat cultivars. The most similarity between the cultivars is the value of one, such as Pishgam and Sayson (one means one hundred percent similarity) or Pishgam and Bezustaya (with one). The least similarity is 0.2 between Zare and Gascogen. Based on cluster analysis these 13 bread wheat cultivars were divided into three groups. The results after bolting were largely similar to the protein pattern before blooming. The most similarity between the cultivars is the value of one. Pishgam and Sayson was one hundred percent similar, and Pishgam and Bezustaya as well. The lowest similarity was observed between Zare and Gascogen cultivars with zero and 0.25 between Zare and other cultivars. Based on cluster analysis, 13 wheat cultivars were grouped into four clusters. Zare, Gascogen and Omid cultivars were placed in separate clusters and the rest of the cultivars were classified in one group. Increasing one group indicates the effect of some proteins that are effective in the developmental stages before and after wheat flowering.